Complications during delivery can happen even in closely monitored settings. Some birth injuries heal within weeks. Others can affect a child’s development long-term. Knowing what to look for may help you get your child the care they need early.
It also helps to understand the difference between a birth injury and a birth defect. A birth defect develops before labor begins. A birth injury occurs during labor and delivery, and the care the medical team provides in that moment can directly influence the outcome.
Brachial plexus injuries
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves running from the neck through the shoulder that controls arm and hand movement. These nerves can be stretched or torn during delivery, most often when a baby’s shoulder becomes stuck, a complication known as shoulder dystocia.
Signs include a limp arm, limited movement or reduced grip. Milder cases, known as Erb’s palsy, may resolve with physical therapy. Severe nerve tears can cause lasting weakness.
Brain damage from oxygen deprivation
When a baby is deprived of oxygen during delivery, brain cells can begin to die within minutes. This can happen when labor is prolonged, the umbilical cord is compressed or the care team is slow to respond to fetal distress.
Effects range from full recovery with early intervention to conditions like cerebral palsy or seizures. Early signs in newborns can include limpness, difficulty feeding and seizure activity.
Facial nerve damage
According to the Merck Manual, the facial nerve is the most commonly injured nerve during delivery. Pressure on the baby’s face or forceps use can damage it. One side of the face may appear still or drooping, especially when the baby cries. Most cases resolve within weeks, though some require further evaluation.
Fractures during delivery
The clavicle, or collarbone, is the most common bone fractured during birth, occurring in roughly 2 to 7 out of every 1,000 deliveries. A baby with this injury may avoid moving one arm or cry when it is touched. Most clavicle fractures heal well with time and proper follow-up.
Injuries caused by forceps or vacuum extraction
When used correctly, these tools can be appropriate and necessary. When applied with excessive force or incorrectly, they can cause scalp bruising, facial nerve damage, brachial plexus injuries or bleeding around the skull. Babies delivered with vacuum extraction face a higher risk of certain head and scalp injuries than those born without assisted tools.
When a birth injury may involve medical negligence
Not every birth injury results from error. Some complications arise even with proper care. However, injuries can also stem from delayed responses, improper tool use or failure to act on warning signs.
If something about your delivery felt wrong, speaking with a medical malpractice attorney may help you understand whether what happened was preventable and what your options may be.